Texting While Driving Essays

Messaging While Driving Essays Messaging While Driving Essay Messaging While Driving Essay Envision you are driving down the roadway and abruptly a vehicle hits the vehicle before you. In that vehicle there was one grown-up, one young person, and little child, and an infant. The vehicle that was hit got flipped over different occasions. Nobody in the vehicle figured out how to endure that mishap. This all happened on the grounds that the driver chose to pull out their telephone and content a basic mies. Messaging and driving is an enormous issue in the United States. Numerous laws have been passed to forestall messaging and driving. It likewise causes numerous passings and wounds. Numerous laws have been passed to forestall the threat of messaging and driving. As said by Robert A Heinlein, l am free, regardless of what rules encompass me. In the event that I discover them middle of the road, I endure them; on the off chance that I discover them excessively offensive, I break them. I am free since I realize that only i am ethically liable for all that I do. am a piece of the age that had a phone some time before having a vehicle. As a general public, we have become increasingly more needy upon the utilization of mobile phones. They have empowered us to remain associated with the world. With advanced mobile phones, we would now be able to check the climate, email, and that eBay thing we truly need to win in an offering war. At the point when we talk or nut-job at a mobile phone, our capacity to focus turns out to be exceptionally constrained. The enthusiastic pressure while chatting on a mobile phone can prompt diminished mindfulness on what's going on around an individual. Actually, I see no distinction between chatting on a mobile phone and viewing a network show. Consistently, I see numerous individuals on PDAs while driving. I see drivers in vehicles, Subs, and semi trucks all holding a telephone up to their ear while making one-gave turns. I recollect when I got my drivers permit and that it was so imperative to have my hands on the wheel at ten and two-o-clock. I was advised by my driving educator to consistently know about what's going on twelve seconds in front of me. Taking a gander at all of these mobile phone clients out and about, I cannot envision they even comprehend what is happening five seconds in front of them. I have heard that a people ability to focus is diminished multiple times while chatting on a mobile phone. A diminished ability to focus of multiple times is likewise equivalent to an individual with a blood liquor level of . 08. Studies have indicated that testing and driving is twice as hazardous as chatting on a mobile phone. With an ever increasing number of youngsters getting cell sharpens, up to 50% of teenagers confess to testing while at the same time driving. As I would like to think, we, as a general public, should make mobile phone utilize unlawful while driving out and about. I have found out about the entirety of the mishaps related with mobile phone use and I am befuddled that we havent made any activity to address this issue. I love the way that without hands gadgets are a choice with new innovation coming out; starting at as of late, we have created voice initiated calling that is currently remembered for more up to date models of vehicles. Without a doubt, Michigan has made it unlawful to content while driving, yet shouldn't something be said about chatting on a bile gadget? I cannot help however consider the entirety of the occasions I have been on the interstate and have seen drivers making path changes without looking since they had a telephone up to their ear. Drivers on mobile phones likewise have an eighteen percent more slow response time to slow down lights. A few states have just restricted the utilization of phones while driving. The indiscretion needs to stop! We have to reprove the individuals who are putting others lives in danger out and about. In the event that we cannot stand up to and implement this issue, the passings will Just continue coming. Testing while at the same time driving By meager condition

Nurturing the Childrens Spirituality in the Learning Process Essay

Supporting the Childrens Spirituality in the Learning Process - Essay Example In such a manner they can keep up humane and balance learning procedure to make them professional dynamic in school exercises. Through this, they are relied upon to appreciate social union and congruity inside and outside of the school. De Souza (2004) affirmed that Values Education and Clarification have been considered by the state as huge to be coordinated into the educational plan to show students virtues as an uplifting apparatus in characterizing their great connection with the remainder of mankind and creation. Since the 1960s, virtues are a critical package in the development of the learners’ full of feeling areas to incorporate their enthusiastic, attitudinal, values and beliefs’ developments (De Souza, 2004). Specialists accepted that qualities and good are subordinates of peoples’ emotive sense and, in this way, are not seen as important in their intellectual being (De Souza, 2004). Consequently, it’s this polarity of human presence that made it befuddling and hard to show up at a typical comprehension of estimations of instruction (De Souza, 2004). It’s in this setting specialists managed the dualism of instructive way of thinking: language and practice (De Souza, 2004) . They received an instructive example for psychological turn of events and for values training to build up a standard conduct and insight of students and to support that feeling of duty among people dependent on goodness and qualities (De Souza, 2004; Lambert, 2003, Noddings, 2010). A few therapists saw this has been considered as a successful apparatus since authentic encounters demonstrated that the combination of qualities in improving learners’ scholarly interests made individuals flexible in the midst of downturn, clashes, and social changes and during wars (Cacioppe and Edwards, 2005; Glendinning, 2005; Gross, 2004).

Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline, and Treatment

Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline, and Treatment July 17, 2019 More in Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Signs and Symptoms Coping and Relief Warnings Long-Term Treatment Resources Benzodiazepines are a group of central nervous system depressants used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and seizures. Benzodiazepines (or benzos as they are often called) are among the most commonly prescribed medications in the country. There are several different types of benzos sold under popular brand names like Valium, Xanax, and Klonopin. The primary difference between these drugs is the length of time they stay active in the body. Benzos are sometimes abused for their relaxing and euphoric effects. Even at therapeutic doses, however, benzos can cause physical dependence and withdrawal.   Verywell / Gary Ferster   Overview Benzodiazepine use has become widespread. From 1996 to 2013, the number of people filling benzo prescriptions increased by 67 percent. Benzodiazepine abuse and dependence has become more significant among all age groups, from teens to elderly adults. In 2016, estimates suggest that about half a million people in the United States were misusing sedative drugs. Benzodiazepines can be habit-forming. Anyone taking them on a daily basis can develop a tolerance and dependence. When you are physically dependent on a drug, it means your body can’t operate normally without it. If you stop or reduce your dose suddenly, you will experience withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawing from benzos can be a difficult, even dangerous process. You can expect to feel anxious and on-edge for several weeks. You might feel irritable and hypersensitive to everything around you. Insomnia is also common. During the first week, you can also expect physical symptoms like headaches and hand tremors. Benzo withdrawal can be managed with a gradual dose reduction, which will cause milder symptoms that come and go in waves. Beware, if you have been using benzos for longer than six months, suddenly stopping your dose can cause grand mal seizures and deliriumâ€"this is why its best to involve your doctor or healthcare professional in your process of withdrawal. Signs and Symptoms Withdrawal symptoms can occur after as little as one month of use, even on small, therapeutic doses. Among people taking benzos for longer than six months, about 40 percent experience moderate to severe withdrawal symptoms when they quit suddenly. The other 60 percent experience mild symptoms. The severity of withdrawal symptoms is associated with a variety of factors, including: your current dosehow long you’ve been taking itwhether you take more than one benzowhether you take other sedating drugsany substance abuse issueswhether you are quitting more than one substance at a time The onset of benzodiazepine withdrawal depends on the specific drug you are taking. Short-acting drugs like alprazolam (Xanax) and lorazepam (Ativan) leave the system quicker, which means withdrawal symptoms can appear in as little as eight to 12 hours.  Longer-acting benzos like clonazepam (Klonopin) can stay in the system longer, which means it can be one to two days or even longer before withdrawal symptoms start.  Possible symptoms include: AnxietyInsomniaIrritabilityRestlessnessHand tremorsMuscle spasmsHeadacheSweatingRacing pulseHyperventilationNausea or vomitingAches and painsPanic attacksHypersensitivity to stimuli like light and touchAbnormal bodily sensations (skin-crawling, goosebumps)DepressionProblems with concentration and memoryVisual disturbances (flashes of light or blurred vision)Auditory, tactile, or visual hallucinationsFeelings of unrealityDeliriumGrand mal seizures According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), withdrawal symptoms from short-acting benzos peak on the second day and improve by the fourth or fifth. However, some people find they last for several weeks. Estimates suggest that  10 to 25 percent of chronic benzo users experience what’s known as protracted withdrawal. Protracted withdrawal is a long-term withdrawal syndrome that may come and go for several months. Symptoms will be milder than acute withdrawal and they can disappear for weeks at a time. Protracted withdrawal rarely lasts longer than one year. Coping and Relief The best way to quit benzos is to avoid withdrawal by asking your doctor to taper down your dose. Tapering means taking progressively smaller doses over the course of a few weeks or months.   You can taper your dose on your own, but it is best to work with a doctor. Depending on which benzodiazepine you are currently taking, your doctor may want to switch you to a different one before your taper begins. Short-acting benzos complicate withdrawal with too many ups and downs. Diazepam, a long-acting benzo, is the most common choice for dose tapering.   There is no standard tapering schedule for you to follow. Your doctor will help make an individualized tapering schedule based on your current dose and particular circumstances. Some people taper quickly, finishing up within two to three weeks. Others taper slowly over the course of several months. During your taper, you may still experience some of the symptoms of withdrawal. This can happen after each dose reduction. If your symptoms are intolerable, your doctor can pause or slow down the taper. Most doctors choose not to reverse the taper and up the dose in response to withdrawal symptoms. To cope with these breakthrough symptoms, it helps to have a backup plan for dealing with anxiety. Helpful strategies include: Cognitive behavioral therapyMeditationMindfulness trainingExercise Warnings Benzodiazepine withdrawal can be dangerous when not handled properly. There is a risk that people who quit benzos without a taper may experience a life-threatening grand mal seizure. If you go into withdrawal without tapering, you also risk experiencing delirium and hallucinations that cause you to lose touch with realityâ€"a terrifying and dangerous experience. Some drugs are safe to quit on your own, but benzodiazepines are not. However, that doesn’t necessarily mean you will require inpatient care. In fact, most people do okay with tapering their benzos at home with the help of their primary care doctor or psychiatrist. You should plan to stay in touch with your doctor regularly during the tapering process, either by phone or during office visits. Depending on your situation, your doctor may think it best to prescribe very small amounts of medication at a time. This will prevent you from altering the taper, but it might mean frequent trips to the pharmacy.   Some people, such as those with a history of complicated withdrawal, seizures, or severe mental illness, may be better suited for in an inpatient setting. This can involve living at a detox facility or hospital for several weeks, where you can receive constant medical monitoring and psychological support. Quitting benzos means that underlying psychiatric symptoms can reemerge worse than ever before. These may include: Panic attacksOCD symptomsPTSD symptomsSevere anxietyObtrusive thoughtsDepression Inpatient treatment can be very expensive, depending on the facility, but it is covered by many insurance companies. If you are pregnant or thinking about becoming pregnant, talk to your OBGYN or psychiatrist right away about your plans. Benzodiazepine use in pregnancy carries some risks, however, going through any kind of withdrawal during pregnancy carries its own risks.  Your doctor can help you weight the potential risks and benefits around Benzodiazepine use and your pregnancy. Long-Term Treatment Long-term treatment after benzo withdrawal will depend on your reasons for taking them in the first place and your reasons for quitting. If you have a psychiatric condition that was managed by the benzos, you will need an alternative plan to manage your condition. Typically, this is a combination of therapy and pharmacologic support. If your reasons for quitting benzos are that you were abusing them or unable to control your use, then you may require further substance abuse treatment. This is particularly true if you are also giving up other substances, like alcohol or opioids. Psychotherapy can help you understand the root cause of your substance abuse problems. It can also help you learn to identify psychological triggers that may cause you to relapse so that you can avoid them in the future. Resources The best resource in your quest to quit benzos is your prescribing doctor. But if you would prefer someone else, any primary care physician or psychiatrist will be able to help you taper your dose. To find a psychiatrist or psychologist who specializes in substance abuse issues, you can use this searchable directory from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). You can also call SAMHSA’s national helpline at 1-800-662-HELP (4357) to find a provider in your area. A Word From Verywell Benzodiazepines are powerful drugs that can be very useful in the short-term, but if you’ve been taking them for a while there are potential risks and side-effects such as sedation and cognitive issues. For a lot of people, quitting benzos feels like waking up from a long dream. Of course, waking up isn’t always easy. To achieve your best health, talk to your doctor about the best way for you to quit and how you can maintain long-term success. Symptoms of Addiction

Describe Your Leadership Or Management Style Essay

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Community Created in Night and Persepolis through...

â€Å"One can forgive but one should never forget.† - Marjane Satrapi. A memoir is a collection of unique memories that one may never forget. They tell the story of a person’s life and grasp experiences that may be wonderful or absolutely terrifying. In Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood, Marjane Satrapi narrates her childhood in Iran during the Islamic Revolution and illustrates the devastating effects it had on her life. Similarly, Elie Wiesel narrates his horrifying journey as a Jew who endured the unimaginable cruelty of the Holocaust in his novel: Night. Although these memoirs are narrated in different time periods and locations, the authors are both marginalized because of their race and must battle traditional group barriers with their†¦show more content†¦Despite the political and cultural struggle, her parents help her be a normal teenager by bringing her posters, Nike’s â€Å"and [her] denim jacket with the Michael Jackson button,† (Sa trapi 131). Although she is religious, she feels the need to be a modern and normal teenager. Marji also creates community for herself by having friends who are marginalized. This is portrayed when Marji and her friends stop taking torture sessions seriously and joke with their teacher as a form of escapism. Even though they get suspended, she says, â€Å"We were completely united,† (Satrapi 97). Despite being marginalized by wearing the veil during the Islamic Revolution, Marji overcomes this barrier with the support of her family and friends who were also marginalized. Like Satrapi, Wiesel is also marginalized early on in Night. However, it is not a veil that marginalizes him, but the yellow star that every Jew was forced to wear to distinguish themselves from others. Marginalization is also represented when two ghettos were created for them, they were forbidden to own gold, jewelry, or any valuables and â€Å"[they] no longer had the right to frequent restaurants or cafes , to travel by train, to attend synagogue or to be on the streets after six o’clock,† (Wiesel 11). Although the Germans gave the Jews rules that marginalized them from other nationalities, they created a community where

Effects of Poverty on College Education in the USA Free Essays

string(64) " privilege accompanying the prestige of the competitive course\." Thesis: Poverty not only affects the living standards and lifestyle of people but also affects college education in the United States of America. Introduction An overview of the effect of poverty on college education. Thesis statement. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Poverty on College Education in the USA or any similar topic only for you Order Now Effects of poverty on college education. Poor quality of primary education in poverty-stricken areas leads to poor performance in college. People from poverty-stricken areas have less access to good college education as they lack financial resources to meet the college education cost. Poverty affecting college students makes the students juggle between full time jobs and class schedules. Poor professionalism resulting from poverty affects the economic development of the United States. Conclusion Introduction Poverty entails a collection of several factors befalling an individual, family or a group of people that lead to impossibility for such a person, family or group of people to afford the basic human needs. Prolongation of such a state for at least three generations leads to a cycle of poverty, and according to this condition, it is not possible for such people to break out of this situation without external interventions. In this case, the affected people or families have limited or no resources for livelihood and, therefore, end up not being able to afford the basic human needs such as food, clothing, shelter, health care and education. Continued lack of financial resources and education make the poor grow poorer. This problem affects both the developed and developing countries in the world. In the United States, poverty rates range from 10% to 21% depending on one’s political alienation. This implies that even in the developed countries poverty still exists. Low economic status experienced by many people across the world leads to poor education as many cannot afford high cost of education in colleges and universities, hence a lot of people acquire the basic education and avoid the tertiary education (Brandy-Smith, Fauth, and Brooks-Gunn 1). Low education level, on the other hand, propagates the continuation of poverty over the generations as low education level means poor employment and low income. In addition, learning institutions also experience the impact of poverty as the high cost of education would cause low annual registration of students as the cost increasingly becomes higher. It is, therefore, clear that poverty affects not only the living standards and lifestyle of people but also the college education in the United States of America. Effects of poverty on college education â€Å"Simple comparisons between children in poor families and children in non-poor families using national datasets indicate that poor children are more likely to do worse on indices of school achievement than non-poor children are† (Brandy-Smith, Fauth, and Brooks-Gunn 1). Besides, elementary schools in poverty-stricken areas of the United States do not have qualified school tutors, and therefore, the students who graduate from these schools are not qualified enough to join colleges. Due to poverty, â€Å"teachers in city schools are less likely to be certified or to have studied in the areas that they teach, and more likely to leave before the end of the school year. In some years and for some subjects, it is hard to find any teachers at all to fill slots in urban schools† (Hochschild 1). Students with poor elementary background are not satisfactorily qualified to meet the professional challenges even after the college graduation. Low annual registration of new students in colleges leads to a gradual collapse of college education and, therefore, denies citizens an important resource of breaking out of poverty. Because of poverty, even the few who are qualified to join colleges do not fully concentrate on studies due to lack of sustenance. With little or no food in their stomachs, students have little or no focus on studies, and it negatively affects the learning process in colleges. A large number of students in the United States lack financial resources to cover high tuition fees, and therefore, most of them rely on education loans and scholarships. Education loans like any other loans require repayment with some interest after completion of one’s education. The annual increment of tuition fees is between 5% and 8%, and this becomes increasingly difficult for parents and students to afford. The education cost varies from one institution to another, especially from public to private colleges. Private colleges have a relatively higher education cost as compared to public colleges which depend on the government funding. The high education cost levied by the private colleges discourages students with poor background from enrolling in private colleges, and therefore, they opt to enrol in public colleges, thus causing overcrowding there. Actually, MItchel, Fowler and Towle lament that learning conditions in inner-city schools have so poor facilities that â€Å"students share used textbooks and practice typing on handmade, fake keyboards† (Para1). This over stretching of the public college facilities reduces the quality of education offered as the increase of the number of students in class makes it difficult for the tutors to attend to each student’s needs. Poverty affecting college students makes them juggle between full time jobs and class schedules in order to make ends meet. Research shows that juggling between work and education greatly lowers one’s performance, either in academics, at the place of work or both. In addition, juggling between education and work causes severe health problems, especially when such students do not get enough sleep as both tasks are time-consuming. Moreover, poor parents cannot provide an appropriate diet necessary for their children’s learning (Bainbridge and Lasley 1). Poor health status, on the other hand, leads to low concentration in class affecting academic performance, hence students may graduate without the required qualifications. Poverty contributes greatly to graduation of unqualified students as the rate of skipping lessons grows with increase in poverty. Poverty in the US kills college competitiveness of the academic programs; consequently the enrolment levels drastically reduce because of poor performance from secondary schools. The reduction in program competitiveness deprives colleges of the privilege accompanying the prestige of the competitive course. You read "Effects of Poverty on College Education in the USA" in category "Papers" This, therefore, kills the spirit of competition between the students in a particular course, which outrightly leads to poor performance in college. Colleges from a particular region, especially those stricken by poverty, may decide to lower the admission grades for a particular course program in order to accommodate the students of that region. Lowering admission grades of one college can affect other colleges’ enrolment as many students with relatively lower grades may decide to transfer to such colleges. This transfer indeed affects the enrolment in the colleges from which the students are transferring. Moreover, poverty related transfer of students might affect the student’s academic performance as a person needs to take time to acclimatize to the new environment. In the United States, different regions register different number of graduates depending on the poverty level of the regions. People from these areas have relatively less access to good college education as they lack financial resources to meet the college education cost. Statistics show that these areas registered the lowest number of college graduates in 2004 as compared to other states. The statistics below illustrate this fact (Crissey 8): States percentages Mississippi 18,90% Alabama 21,40% Louisiana 20,40% Arkansas 19,30% District of Columbia 47,50% According to Bishaw and Semega, high poverty levels characterize these regions (excluding the District of Columbia) (20). Thus, education is difficult to acquire, hence less college graduates. This results in increase in number of uneducated young people hence perpetuates the growth of poverty across the states. Poverty affects education negatively and poses stress to both students and parents. In the United States, the economic background of citizens determines the college students attend. Families with poor economic background have their children attending local tertiary colleges while those with good economic background have their children attending national and international colleges where they graduate with relatively better qualifications. In this sense, students from poor economic background have a higher chance to transform into poor adults than children from well up families. Mitchell and Houston attribute this to the fact that in the United States, rich families have the capacity to provide good college education to their children, which would mean good qualifications and hence descent employment (Para. 4). On the other hand, poor education due to poverty would lead to employment with meagre salaries. Moreover, high poverty level affects the economic development of the United States as unqualified professionals graduating from colleges would have little knowledge in their fields that in turn results in poor performance in industries. Given that by 1993, there were roughly 13.4 million U.S. children living in poverty (Litcher 988); such a situation translates into economic downfall. In essence, economic progress depends largely on the professionalism of people working in different fields of the economy. Poor professionalism resulting from poverty can compel companies to invest into education of their staff, hence incurring more expenses. Poverty among college students in the United States causes reduction of exposure of these students to the outside world. Attending educational tours, educational excursions and making educational trips help enlighten and open up the minds of college students. Unfortunately, because of poverty, most students in the aforementioned states cannot afford these programs. Given that â€Å"poverty is the single largest factor determining a child’s failure in school† (Zeitlin Para. 14), these students lag behind for they cannot afford such informative exposures. While the rich continue to enjoy the privileges of wealth, the poor remain suffering in the impoverished conditions with little or no external exposure. The benefits of these exposures help the students acclimatize to the job market after college education. Conclusion Although poverty is a state that many people would not want to find themselves in, it is still rampant in both developed and developing countries. Poverty poses a threat not only to the economic, social and political aspects of life, but also to education as a major requirement for sustenance. In the United States, poverty negatively affects college education as it causes a great reduction of the students’ enrolment. Moreover, poverty-stricken students miss numerous classes because of lack of fees. As a result, it influences their grades greatly leading to unqualified graduates. On the other hand, because of lack of finances, some elementary schools cannot sustain enough qualified teachers. This may also lead to poor grades as the available tutors might fail to meet students’ needs, and in the end, the students fail to secure admission to various colleges. To overcome this problem, people decide to juggle between work and study to cater for both their basic and educational needs. People living below the poverty level in the United States can offer a lower college education to their children as compared to those living above the poverty level. Poverty impairs good education in the US, and this also affects other aspects of life. Works Cited Bainbridge, William, and Thomas Lasley. â€Å"Poverty not Race Holds Back Urban Students.† Schoolmatch.com. School Match. 28 July 2002. Web. 14 June 2011.http://schoolmatch.com/articles/poverty.htm; Bishaw,  Alemayehu  and  Jessica  Semega.  Income, Earnings, and Poverty Data From the 2007 American Community Survey, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2008 Web. 14 June 2011 ;http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/acs-09.pdf; Brandy-Smith, Christy, Rebecca Fauth, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. Poverty and Education – Overview, Children, and Adolescents, Education Encyclopedia – StateUniversity.com 2011. Web. 14 June 2011. ;http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2330/Poverty-Education.html; Crissey, Sarah R. Educational Attainment in the United States: 2007. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2009. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2008 Web. 14 June 2011 ;http://www.census.gov/prod/2009pubs/p20-560.pdf;. Hochschild, L. Janifer. â€Å"Social Class in Public Schools†. Journal of Social Issues. 59.4 (2003) :821-840. Web. 14 June 2011. ;http://scholar.harvard.edu/jlhochschild/publications/social-class-public-schools; Litcher, Daniel. â€Å"Reviewed work(s): Children in Poverty: Child Development and Public Policy by Aletha C. Huston.† American Journal of Sociology 98.4 (1993): 988. Web. 14 June 2011. ;http://www.jstor.org/pss/2781277; Mitchell, Emily, Deborah Fowler, and Lisa H. Towle. â€Å"Do the Poor Deserve Bad Schools?† Time, 14 October 1991. Web. 14 June 2011. ;http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,974025-1,00.html;. Zeitlin, Janine. â€Å"Poverty hinders education†. News-press.com. A Gannet company. 14 Sep. 2010. Web. 14 June 2011. ;http://www.newspress.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/201009140110/NEWS0104/9140345;. How to cite Effects of Poverty on College Education in the USA, Papers

Introduction to Human Development Essay Example

Introduction to Human Development Essay INTRODUCTION â€Å"The human being†¦ the most sophisticated, amazing and wondrous creation in this earth. If one would take a peek at what’s inside his human body, he’ll be amazed to see hundreds of bones, miles of blood vessels and trillions of cells, all working together so he could be healthy and in perfect shape. Each organ, each body part, each a miracle†¦ Each a piece of evidence of God’s mighty providence. † This lesson familiarizes you with the principles and stages of human growth, maturation and development. It discusses how humans grow, develop, change and adapt to their environment throughout their life span. Warm-Up Did you know that there are 26 billion cells in a new born baby and about 50 trillion cells in an adult? Cells are responsible for supplying you with the energy you need, transporting oxygen around your body and moving your body parts. Indeed, every single cell in your body helps you maintain vitality and life. BASIC CONCEPTS 1. Human Development refers to the biological and psychological development of the human being throughout the lifespan. It consists of the development from infancy, childhood, and adolescence, adulthood to old age. . Development refers to the qualitative, progressive series of changes in an orderly and coherent fashion leading to maturation 3. Growth refers to quantitative changes in an individual as he progresses in chronological age. 4. Maturation is the process by which heredity exerts its influence long after birth. 5. Genetics is the science of heredity. It originated with the discovery by Gregor Mendel that hereditary characters are determined by f actors transmitted without change and in predictable fashion from one generation to the next. 6. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Human Development specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Human Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Human Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Heredity is the passing on of physical or mental characteristics from parents to offspring through the genes. 7. Gene is a unit of heredity; a segment of the DNA which contains the instructions for the development of a particular inherited characteristic. There are about 30,000 genes that contain chemical instructions. The chemical instructions in the genes program the development of millions of individual parts into a complex body and brain. 8. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid which occurs in combination with protein in the chromosomes, which contains the genetic instructions. It consists of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine), a sugar (2-deoxy-D- ribose), and phosphoric acid, arranged in a regular structure- (two chains twisted round each other in the form of a double helix). 9. Nucleic acids are large molecules produced by living cells which store genetic information, and composed of a chain of nucleotides. Two forms are: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is found primarily in the nucleus and ribonucleic acid (RNA), found in the nucleus and cytoplasm. 10. Chromosomes are threads within the nucleus of a cell which are the carriers of genetic material, consisting of DNA and various types of protein (histones). They occur in pairs a normal human body cell has 46 chromosomes: 22 pairs of autosomes together with one matching pair of X chromosomes in females (the 23rd pair- XX) and one mismatching pair, the X and Y sex chromosomes in males (the 23rd pair-XY) 11. Sex chromosome is the 23rd pair of chromosomes represented differently in the sexes, and responsible for the genetic determination of the sex of an individual. There are 1,000 genes in each chromosome. 12. Gamete is a specialized reproductive cell that fuses with another gamete of the opposite sex during fertilization, to form a zygote. Gametes are usually differentiated into male (sperm) and female (egg, ovum). 13. Sexual Reproduction is the act or process of producing offspring through sexual intercourse or artificial insemination. The Stages of Reproduction: 1. During ovulation period, females release and deposit sex chromosomes in the uterus. In the reproduction process, the male releases sperm cells that contain either X or Y chromosomes. The first male chromosome that meets and unites with the egg determines the gender of the offspring. If Y chromosome from the male first unites with the egg (which is an X chromosome), the offspring is male (XY). But if an X chromosome coming from the male first unites (XX), the gender of the offspring is female. 2. The successful sperm cell penetrates inside the ovum. The tail of the sperm separates to the head during this process. The nucleus of the sperm cell will then unite with the nucleus of the ovum and undergo a process called fertilization. The 23 chromosomes from the sperm cell will pair with the 23 chromosomes from the egg cell and the resulting zygote starts life with 46 chromosomes. . When the zygote is about to divide, chromosome replication and cell division arise wherein chromosomes and genes are doubled. All cells except the reproductive cells receive identical inheritance. The process of cell division continues with the chromosomes being always replicated as described. 4. Sometimes, instead of remaining together as parts of a single organism, the cells separate. Th ey develop to form identical twins. Siamese twins come from an incomplete separation of the two identical cells. 5. However, if two egg cells are fertilized separately, they develop to form fraternal twins. Chromosomal Abnormalities: 1. Turner’s syndrome- is a rare case wherein females may be born with only 1 X chromosome (45 chromosomes instead of 46). They fail to develop sexually at puberty. They show normal intelligence but with cognitive defects like poor performance in math and spatial organization. 2. Down’s Syndrome- a defect which usually stems from a failure of one chromosome of a germ cell to split in the normal way to form a healthy ovum with 23 chromosomes; an ovum with 24 chromosomes is produced, and if this ovum is fertilized, the developing embryo possesses an extra chromosome (47). The condition is named after English physician J L H Down (1828-96), and is sometimes referred to as mongolism. 3. Klinefelter’s Syndrome- a rare case wherein the 23rd chromosome fails to divide properly giving off extra X or Y chromosome (47). An individual with an xxy 23rd chromosome is physically a male but with feminine characteristics like large breasts but with small testes incapable of producing sperms. Male with XYY chromosomes are taller and unusually aggressive than the normal XY. Sex-Linked Genes 1. Sex-Linked Genes bare genes carried on the X and Y chromosomes, and the characteristics they control. In mammals females have two X chromosomes and males an X and a Y chromosome. Women transmit one X chromosome to either sons or daughters, while men pass their X chromosome only to their daughters. a. A characteristic feature of sex-linked inheritance is thus the absence of male-to-male transmission. Most sex-linked diseases in humans are inherited as recessives; with the males the affected sex (e. g. colorblindness, baldness, hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy). 2. Hemophilia is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation, resulting from a deficiency in one of the proteins responsible for normal blood clotting. STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT STAGESAGEHIGHLIGHTS 1. Prenatal Conception to birth Rapid physical development of body and nervous system 2. Infancy Birth to 2 years Motor development. Attachment to primary caregiver. 3. Childhood 2 to 12 years Increasing ability to think logically and reason abstractly. Refinement of motor skills. Peer socialization. 4. Adolescence 13 to 20 years Thinking and reasoning are more mature like. Identity crisis. Socializations to opposite sex. STAGESAGEHIGHLIGHTS 5. Adulthood 21 to 60 years Love, marriage, career and stability. . Old Age 61 to retirement Reflection of accomplishments. Physical and mental health deteriorates. A. Prenatal Stage 1. Prenatal Period- the period from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy. 2. Pregnancy is a physiological process in which females nurture their developing young within the uterus; also known as gestation. It begins when the fertilized ovum embeds itself in the uterine wall (implantation), and ends with the birth of the offspring (parturition). It lasts on average 38 weeks (9 ? onths or 266 days) from the first day of the last menstrual period, menstruation is absent (in response to circulating hormones), the uterus enlarges, the breasts increase in size in preparation for lactation, and there are other major physiological changes. 3. Fertilization is the union of two gametes to form a zygote, as occurs during sexual reproduction. 4. Zygote a one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and egg cell. The zygote undergoes rapid mitotic divisions with no significant growth (a process known as cleavage) and cellular differentiation, leading to development of an embryo. . Cleavage is the process by which a fertilized egg cell (zygote) divides to give rise to all the cells of an organism. The prenatal stages 1. Germinal stage the first prenatal stage that occurs from first to second week of conception. 2. Embryonic stage the second prenatal stage that occurs fr om third to eighth week of conception. 3. Fetal stage the third and final prenatal stage that occurs from ninth week of conception to birth. STAGE AGE (week) SIZE CHARACTERISTICS GERMINAL STAGE or period of zygote (1 to 2 weeks) 1 week 150 cells Zygote attaches to the uterine lining. weeksSeveral thousand cellsPlacental circulation established EMBRYONIC STAGE or period of embryo (3 to 8 weeks)3 weeks1/10 inchMajor systems, organs, and structures of the body develop. 6 weeks? inchArms and legs develop. Jaws form around mouth. 8 weeks1 inch, 1/30 ounceBones begin to develop in limbs. Sex organs begin to form. FETAL STAGE or period of fetus (9 weeks to birth)9 (2. 5 mos. )1 ? inchFormation of brain; Gender can be distinguished. 12 (3 mos. )3 inches, 1 ounceCan smile and frown; Circulatory system working. 16 (4 mos. )6. 5 inches, 4 ounceHeartbeat is strong; Mother feels movement. 0 (5 mos. )10 inches, 5 ounceHiccups begin; hair form 24 (6 mos. )12 inches, 1. 5 lbsVisual and auditory se nses functional; eyes open. 28 (7 mos. )15 inches, 2. 5 lbsBody fat is added; brain specialization. 32 (8 mos. )17 inches, 2. 5 lbsPeriods of sleep and wakefulness. 36 (9 mos. )19 inches, 6 lbsRapid increase in weight; Gains immunity from mother. 38 (9 1/5)21 inches, 8 lbsBirth- 266 days from conception. B. INFANCY. 1. Infancy is the period of human development from birth to two years. 2. Neonate is a newborn child. 3. Capacities of a newborn: a. Newborns have poor vision and cannot see as well as an adult until about age 2. b. Newborns pay attention to sounds particularly to human speech. c. Infants can discriminate different tastes and prefer sweets like breast milk. d. Neonate can identify odors especially that of the mother. e. Infants can learn from the moment they are born and show good memories by 3 months of age. 4. Motor Development refers to the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities. Stages of Motor Development In Infancy AGE (months)ACTIVITIESAGE (months)ACTIVITIES Lifts head up 11 Stands alone 2. 5 Rolls over 12 Walks alone 3 Sits propped up 14 (1 yr, 2 mos) Walks backward 6 Sits without support 17 (1 yr, 5 mos) Walks up steps 6. 5 Stands holding on 20 (1 yr, 8 mos) Kicks ball forward 9 Walks holding on 10 Stands momentarily 5. Critical Periods are the crucial time periods in a person’s life during which specific events occur if development is to proceed normally. In fetus, t he 6 to 7 weeks is critical for normal development of the sex organs- like deficiency in hormones. Visual corrections are critical up to 7 years old. . Sensitive Periods are periods that are optimal for a particular kind of development. First year of life is a sensitive period for interpersonal attachment. 7. Temperament refers to such mood-related personality characteristics. a. Easy Temperament is a term used to describe a child who is playful, regular in his sleeping and eating patterns, and adapts readily to new situations. b. Difficult Temperament is a term used to describe a child who is irritable, has irregular sleeping and eating patterns, and responds intensely and negatively to new situations. c. Slow to warm up temperament is a term used to describe a child who is relatively inactive, tends to withdraw from new situations in a mild way, and requires more time than easy infants to new situations. 8. Attachment is used to describe an infant’s tendency to seek closeness to particular people (especially the mother) and to feel more secure in their presence. 9. Separation anxiety is a distress among infants when a caretaker is not nearby. 10. Sensitive Responsiveness is a characteristic of a caretaker who responds promptly when the baby cries and behaves affectionately when they pick up the baby. The caretaker also tailors their response to the baby’s needs. C. ADOLESCENCE 1. Adolescence refers to the period of transition from childhood to adulthood covering 13 to 20 years old. It is characterize by a rapid physical growth known as the adolescent growth spurt. 2. Puberty is a period of sexual maturation that transforms a child into a biologically mature adult capable of sexual reproduction, which takes place over a period of 3 or 4 years. a. It starts when a female has a menarche between the ages of 11 to 17 (average is 12) and when a male begin to ejaculate semen between the ages of 12 to 16 (average is 14 1/2). . Secondary sex characteristics like bodily hair patterns, pitch of voice and muscle development are evident for both males and females. c. Changes in the intellectual abilities, body proportions, and sexual urges (together with changing relationships with parents and peers) create enormous challenges. d. Psychological effects of puberty such as moodiness, inn er turmoil, and rebellion are linked directly to the hormonal changes of puberty. D. ADULTHOOD 1. Adulthood is a stage of human development from ages 21 to 60 that is marked by both maturity and change. . It involves transition in the family relationships, including adjusting to marriage parenthood and empty nest. 2. Age-related physical transitions include: changes in appearance; sensory losses (especially vision and hearing), and hormonal changes. Mental speed declines. a. Menopause is the cessation of menstruation that usually occurs between 45 and 50 years. It is often accompanied by physical (sweating, hot flushes, vaginitis) and psychogenic (depression, insomnia, fatigue) disturbances, which generally respond to estrogen therapy. . Mid-life Crisis is a difficult, turbulent period of doubts and reappraisal of one’s life. E. OLD AGE 1. Old age a stage of human development which covers those 65 years old and above. 2. Ageism is discrimination on the basis of age, often res ulting in the denial of rights and services in the elderly. a. Dementia- is a brain disorder that involves losses of cognitive abilities and mental functioning. b. Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative disorder whose progression cannot be stopped; it is irreversible and ultimately ends in death.